Caracterización clínica-microbiológica y factores de riesgo de las bacteriemias por enterobacterias productoras de betalactamasas de espectro extendido en el hospital universitario / Clinical-microbiological characterization and risk factors of bacteremia caused by extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing enterobacteria at the university hospital

INTRODUCCIÓN: Las infecciones del torrente sanguíneo se asocian con alta morbi- mortalidad, siendo frecuentemente causadas por enterobacterias, y cuando éstas producen ß-lactamasas de espectro extendido (BLEEs), la morbi-mortalidad, duración internación y costos sanitarios son aún mayores. OBJETIVO: Caracterizar los episodios de bacteriemia por enterobacterias en el Hospital Universitario en un período de 2 años. METODOLOGÍA: Estudio observacional, analítico, casos controles (1:1), con recolección de datos retrospectiva. Población: pacientes ≥18 años atendidos en el Hospital Universitario en período 01/01/2014 - 30/11/2015, con hemocultivo positivo por enterobacteria. Recolección datos clínicos-epidemiológicos: revisión registros médicos. Estudio microbiológico: Identificación y susceptibilidad - equipo automatizado Vitek® 2 system (bioMérieux, Marcy l'Etoile, France). Sensibilidad a fosfomicina: disco-difusión (E. coli) y dilución en agar (resto de las enterobacterias). Ceftazidime-avibactam: disco-difusión. Aislamientos BLEE+ según Vitek: confirmación y caracterización de BLEE: reacción en cadena de la polimerasa (PCR) y secuenciación. Investigación mecanismos transferibles de resistencia a quinolonas (TMQR) qnrB y aac(6')-Ib-cr: PCR. Caracterización molecular enterobacterias BLEE más prevalentes: MultiLocus Sequence Typing (MLST) y Pulsed Field Gel Electrophoresis (PFGE). Análisis casos y controles: I)Factores de riesgo bacteriemia BLEE: Casos - pacientes con bacteriemia por enterobacteria BLEE(+). Controles - pacientes con bacteriemia por enterobacteria BLEE (-) sensible a cefalosporinas tercera generación. II) Factores de riesgo mortalidad intrahospitalaria: Casos - pacientes con mortalidad hospitalaria por cualquier causa. Controles ­ pacientes egresados vivos. Análisis estadístico: paquete estadístico IBM SPSS Statistics 23. Análisis casos y controles: cálculo de odd ratios (OR) e intervalo de confianza al 95% (IC95%). Variables con p ≤0.05 en análisis univariado incluídas en análisis multivariado (regresión logística). Proyecto aprobado por Comité Ética del Hospital de Clínicas y financiado por ANII (FMV_3_2016_1_126580, Fondo María Viña ­ 2016). RESULTADOS: Principales resultados microbiológicos: 174 episodios de bacteriemia y 178 enterobacterias recuperadas, con confirmación molecular de producción BLEE en 41 enterobacterias (23%): 29 Klebsiella pneumoniae, 7 Escherichia coli, 2 Serratia marcescens, 1 Enterobacter cloacae, 1 Citrobacter freundii y 1 Morganella morganii. E. coli enterobacteria más recuperada (n=69), pero K. pneumoniae la enterobacteria BLEE más prevalente (56 aislamientos y 29/56 BLEE+), seguida de E. coli (7/69). Distribución de las enterobacterias BLEE+ según enzima detectada: CTX- M-15: 32 aislamientos, CTX-M-15 + CTX- M-14: 3 aislamientos, CTX-M-2: 3, CTX-M-8: 2, SHV-5: 1. Susceptibilidad enterobacterias BLEE: meropenem 100%, ceftazidime-avibactam 100%, fosfomicina 100%, imipenem 98%, ertapenem 97,6%, colistin 92,7%, amikacina 85,4%, gentamicina 36,6%, tigeciclina 29,3%, piperacilina-tazobactam 26,8%, trimetoprim-sulfametoxazol 19,5%, ciprofloxacina 12,2%. Detección de mecansimos transferibles de resistencia a quinolonas (TMQR) en 33/41 aislamientos (80,5%): aac(6')-Ib-cr: 22 aislamientos, qnrB: 2 aislamientos, y aac(6')-Ib-cr + qnrB: 9 aislamientos. Detección de secuenciotipos "exitosos" en principales enterobacterias BLEE: E. coli ST 73 (1), ST 95(1) y ST 38 (2) y ST 258 en K. pneumoniae (12/29=41,4%). También detección ST 258 en un aislamiento de K. pneumoniae BLEE (-). Principales resultados clínicos ­ epidemiológicos: Se revisaron 98 registros médicos; 60 bacteriemias nosocomiales, 29 comunitarias, 8 asociadas a los cuidados de la salud, 1 sin dato. 41 BLEE(+) y 57 BLEE(-). 80 pacientes vivos al egreso, 17 fallecidos y 1 sin dato. Factores de riesgo bacteriemia BLEE(+) (análisis multivariado) : presencia de dispositivo médico a permanencia previo (p 0,001, OR 55,2, IC 95%5,5-553) ) y bacteriemia no comunitaria (p 0,008 OR 17,4 IC95% 2,1-143). Factores de riesgo mortalidad intrahospitalaria (análisis multivariado): enfermedad hematooncológica o neoplásica (OR 4,687 IC95% 1,207-18,200) y score qPitt ≥2 (OR 10,332 IC95% 2,639-40,442). Antibioticoterapia empírica activa in vitro para la bacteriemia: 10/29(34,5%) en pacientes BLEE(+) y 36/40 BLEE(-) (90%). Se encontró asociación entre bacteriemia BLEE + y recibir antibioticoterapia empírica inactiva (p<0,0001) ; siendo el riesgo de recibir antibioticoterapia empírica inactiva 17 veces mayor en bacteriemias BLEE(+) respecto a BLEE(-). Se encontró que la mediana de la duración de la hospitalización a partir del episodio de bacteriemia es más prolongada en casos BLEE+ que en los controles BLEE- (22,5 versus 14 días, p=0,006). CONCLUSIONES: Enterobacteria BLEE más prevalente K. pneumoniae, y dentro de ella alta prevalencia del clon exitoso de alto riesgo ST 258. Predominio de CTX-M-15, y alta prevalencia (> 80%) de TMQR en aislamientos BLEE. Presencia de BLEE aumenta significativamente el riesgo de recibir antibioticoterapia empírica inactiva. Necesidad de mantener vigilancia de perfiles de susceptibilidad y clones circulantes y considerar posibles factores de riesgo al momento se seleccionar antibioticoterapia empírica.

BACKGROUND: Bloodstream infections are associated with high morbidity and mortality, being frequently caused by Enterobacteriaceae, and when they produce extended spectrum ß-lactamases (ESBL), morbidity, mortality and healthcare costs are even higher. OBJECTIVE: We aimed to characterize Enterobacteriaceae bacteremia episodes at the "Hospital de Clínicas", in a 2 years period. METHODS: Observational, analytical study, case-controls (1: 1), with retrospective data collection. Population: ≥18 years old patients attended at the "Hospital de Clínicas" between 01/01/2014 and 11/30/2015, with Enterobacteriaceae recovered from blood culture. Collection of clinical-epidemiological data: review of medical records. Microbiological study: identification and susceptibility: automated system Vitek® 2 (bioMérieux, Marcy l'Etoile, France). Susceptibility to fosfomycin: disc-diffusion (E. coli) and agar dilution (others Enterobacterales). Ceftazidime-avibactam: disc-diffusion. ESBL (+) isolates according to Vitek: ESBL confirmation and characterization by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) and sequencing. Investigation of transferable mechanisms of quinolone resistance (TMQR) qnrB and aac (6 ')- Ib-cr: PCR. Molecular characterization of the most prevalent ESBL enterobacterales: MultiLocus Sequence Typing (MLST) and Pulsed Field Gel Electrophoresis (PFGE). Case-control analysis: I) ESBL bacteremia risk factors: Cases - patients with bacteremia by an ESBL-producing enterobacteria. Controls - patients with third generation cephalosporin susceptible enterobacteria, not ESBL-producing. II) In-hospital mortality risk factors: Cases - patients with in-hospital mortality from any cause. Controls - patients discharged alive. Statistical analysis: IBM SPSS Statistics 23 statistical package. Case-control analysis: calculation of odd ratios (OR) and 95% confidence interval (95% CI). Variables with p ≤0.05 in univariate analysis were included in multivariate analysis (logistic regression). Project approved by the Hospital de Clinicas Ethics Committee and financed by ANII (FMV_3_2016_1_126580, María Viña Fund - 2016). RESULTS: Main microbiological results: 174 bacteremia episodes and 178 enterobacterales recovered. ESBL production confirmated in 41 isolates (23%): 29 Klebsiella pneumoniae, 7 Escherichia coli, 2 Serratia marcescens, 1 Enterobacter cloacae, 1 Citrobacter freundii y 1 Morganella morganii.E. coli was the most recovered enterobacteria (n = 69), but K. pneumoniae was the most prevalent ESBL producing specie (56 isolates and 29/56 ESBL +), followed by E. coli (7/69). Distribution of ESBL producing enterobacterales according to enzyme detected: CTX- M-15: 32 isolates, CTX-M-15 + CTX-M-14: 3 isoaltes, CTX-M-2: 3, CTX-M-8: 2, SHV-5: 1. Antibiotic susceptibility in ESBL producers: meropenem 100%, ceftazidime-avibactam 100%, fosfomycin 100%, imipenem 98%, ertapenem 97,6%, colistin 92,7%, amikacin 85,4%, gentamicin 36,6%, tigecycline 29,3%, piperacillin-tazobactam 26,8%, trimethroprim sulfamethoxazole 19,5%, ciprofloxacin 12,2%. Detection of TMQR in 33/41 isolates (80.5%): aac(6')-Ib-cr: 22 isolates, qnrB: 2 isolates, and aac(6')Ib-cr + qnrb: 9 isolates. We detected "successful" sequence types within E. coli ESBL producing: ST 73 (1 isolate), ST 95 (1) and ST 38 (2) and a high prevalence of ST 258 among K. pneumoniae isolates (12/29 = 41.4%). ST 258 was also detected in one ESBL(-) K. pneumoniae isolate. Main clinical-epidemiological results: 98 medical records were reviewed; 60 bacteremia episodes were classified as nosomial, 29 as community acquired, 8 health care associated, and for one episode, data was insufficient for its classification. 41 were ESBL(+) and 57 ESBL(-). 80 patients alive at discharge, 17 deceased and 1 without data. Risk factors for ESBL bacteremia according to multivariate analysis were: use of medical device prior to hospitalization (OR = 50.226, 95% CI 4.367 - 577.721) and non-community bacteremia (OR 12.052, 95% CI 1.350-107.605). In-hospital mortality risk factors (multivariate analysis): hemato-oncological or neoplasic disease (OR 4,687 95% CI 1,207-18,200) and qPitt score ≥2 (OR 10,332 95% CI 2,639-40,442). The empirical antibiotic therapy was active according to the susceptibility test in 10/29 (34,5%) patients with ESBL (+) bacteremia and in 36/40 patients with ESBL (-) (90%). Presence of ESBL was found to be associated with inactive empirical antibiotic therapy (p<0.0001), and risk for receiving inactive empirical antibiotic therapy was 17 times higher in ESBL (+) compared to ESBL (-). The mean length of hospital stay after the onset of bacteraemia was longer in the cases of ESBL producers than in the cases of non-ESBL producers ( 22,5 vs. 14 days; P=0.006). CONCLUSIONS: K. pneumoniae was the most prevalent ESBL producing specie, and within it we found a high prevalence of the successful high-risk clone ST258. CTX-M-15 was the main ESBL detected and we found high prevalence (80%) of TMQR among ESBL(+). Presence of ESBL significantly increases the risk of receiving inactive empirical antibiotic therapy. Need to maintain surveillance of susceptibility profiles and circulating clones and to take into account possible risk factors when selecting empirical antibiotic therapy.

Impacto clínico del desescalamiento a ertapenem en pacientes críticos con infecciones por Enterobacteriaceae / Clinical impact of ertapenem de-escalation in critically-ill patients with Enterobacteriaceae infections

Resumen Introducción: Ertapenem ha demostrado eficacia frente a Enterobacteriaceae productoras de β-lactamasas de espectro extendido, pero carece de actividad contra bacterias no fermentadoras; el desescalamiento a este antimicrobiano cuando no existe la presencia de P. aeruginosa podría reducir la presión selectiva contra esta bacteria y mejorar los resultados clínicos. Objetivo: Evaluar el impacto clínico del desescalamiento de antimicrobianos con cobertura anti-pseudomonas a ertapenem, un agente sin este espectro, en pacientes críticos con infecciones por Enterobacteriaceae. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio de cohorte prospectivo en adultos admitidos a Unidades de Cuidado Intensivo (UCI) con infecciones por Enterobacteriaceae, que habían sido desescalados de una cobertura anti-pseudomonas, a un antimicrobiano sin la misma (ertapenem). Se realizó un modelo de riesgo proporcional de Cox comparando mortalidad por cualquier causa y duración de estancia hospitalaria entre aquellos pacientes que permanecieron con cobertura anti-pseudomonas versus aquellos que fueron desescalados a ertapenem. Resultados: 105 pacientes en el grupo anti-pseudomonas fueron comparados con 148 pacientes del grupo de desescalamiento a ertapenem. El desescalamiento estuvo asociado con una menor mortalidad por cualquier causa comparado con los pacientes que permanecieron con cobertura anti-pseudomonas (hazard ratio ajustado 0,24; IC 95%: 0,12-0,46). La estancia hospitalaria en UCI fue similar en ambos grupos. Discusión: Los pacientes de UCI con infecciones por Enterobacteriaceae desescalados a terapia con ertapenem, tuvieron mejores resultados clínicos comparados con aquellos que permanecieron en terapia anti-pseudomonas, sugiriendo que el desescalamiento es una práctica segura en esta población.

Background: Ertapenem has proven to be effective for extended-spectrum beta-lactamases-producing Enterobacteriaceae but lacks activity against non-fermenters; de-escalation to this antibiotic may reduce the selection of resistance to Pseudomonas aeruginosa and improve clinical outcomes. Aim: To evaluate the clinical impact of de-escalation from broad-spectrum anti-pseudomonal agents to ertapenem, a non-pseudomonal antibiotics for Enterobacteriaceae infections in critically-ill patients. Methods: We conducted a prospective cohort study in adult patients admitted to intensive care units (ICUs) who had Enterobacteriaceae infections and were de-escalated from empiric anti-pseudomonal coverage to non-pseudomonal antibiotics. Cox proportional hazards models were performed comparing all-cause mortality and length of hospital stay between patients who remained on anti-pseudomonal coverage versus those who were de-escalated to ertapenem. Results: 105 patients in the anti-pseudomonal group were compared to 148 patients in the ertapenem de-escalation group. De-escalation was associated with lower all-cause mortality compared to patients who remained on anti-pseudomonal coverage (adjusted Hazard Ratio 0.24; 95% CI: 0.12-0.46). The length of ICU stay was similar between the groups. Discussion: ICU patients with Enterobacteriaceae infections de-escalated to ertapenem therapy had better outcomes compared to patients who remained on broad-spectrum, anti-pseudomonal therapy, suggesting that de-escalation is a safe approach amongst ICU patients.

Enfermedad granulomatosa crónica: infecciones múltiples como forma de presentación. Caso clínico pediátrico / Chronic granulomatous disease: multiple infections as clinical presentation. Pediatric case report

La enfermedad granulomatosa crónica es una inmunodeficiencia primaria infrecuente, debida a un defecto en la actividad microbicida de los fagocitos, originada por mutaciones en los genes que codifican alguna de las subunidades del complejo enzimático nicotinamida adenina dinucleótido fosfato oxidasa. La incidencia estimada es 1 en 250 000 recién nacidos vivos. Puede presentarse desde la infancia hasta la adultez, por lo general, en menores de 2 años. Las infecciones bacterianas y fúngicas, en conjunto con las lesiones granulomatosas, son las manifestaciones más habituales de la enfermedad. Los microorganismos aislados más frecuentemente son Aspergillus spp., Staphylococcus aureus, Serratia marcescens, Nocardia spp. Se reporta el caso clínico de un varón de 1 año de vida en el que se diagnosticó enfermedad granulomatosa crónica a partir de infecciones múltiples que ocurrieron simultáneamente: aspergilosis pulmonar invasiva, osteomielitis por Serratia marcescens y granuloma cervical por Enterobacter cloacae.

Chronic granulomatous disease is an uncommon primary immunodeficiency due to a defect of the killing activity of phagocytes, caused by mutations in any of the genes encoding subunits of the superoxide-generating phagocyte NADPH oxidase system. The incidence is 1 in 250 000 live births. It can occur from infancy to adulthood, usually in children under 2 years. Bacterial and fungal infections in association with granuloma lesions are the most common manifestations of the disease. Aspergillus species, Staphylococcus aureus, Serratia marcescens, Nocardia species are the most common microorganisms isolated. We describe here a case of a 1-year-old boy with chronic granulomatous disease and invasive pulmonary aspergillosis, Serratia marcescens osteomyelitis and Enterobacter cloacae cervical granuloma.

Risk factors for mortality in patients with ventilator-associated pneumonia caused by carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae

Abstract Background: The ideal therapeutic option for ventilator associated pneumonia caused by carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae is not defined. The aim of this study was to assess mortality-associated risk factors in patients with VAP by CRE and determine the outcome of several treatment options. Methods: This was a retrospective study performed in two tertiary hospitals involving patients with VAP caused by CRE between January 2010 and August 2014. The outcomes were mortality within 30 days of VAP diagnosis and overall mortality during hospital admission. Risk factors for mortality were assessed by comparing variables of survivors and non-survivors. Results: One hundred and twelve patients with CRE-VAP were included, 73 (65%) male, median age 56 years. The 30-day mortality was 57.1% and the overall hospital mortality was 67%. In the binary logistic regression analysis, only age >50 years was independently associated to increased mortality. Polymyxin was the most used drug (47.5%), followed by tigecycline (29.2%) and aminoglycosides (2.4%). Combined therapy with two active drugs was used by 17 patients (20.8%). No therapeutic option was independently associated to survival. However, combined therapy with two active drugs was superior to the therapy with a single active drug when inappropriate therapy was the comparator (p = 0.044). The addition of carbapenem was not associated with increased survival. Conclusion: The best therapeutic option for VAP by CRE is still not completely defined, but the therapy with at least two active drugs was superior in this study.

Factors associated with acquisition of carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae / Fatores associados à aquisição de Enterobactérias resistentes aos carbapenêmicos / Factores asociados con la contracción de enterobacterias resistentes al carbapenem

ABSTRACT Objective: to identify possible risk factors for acquisition of Enterobacterial strains with a marker for resistance to carbapenems. Methods: exploratory case-control study performed in hospital settings. The study sample consisted of patients with biological specimens that tested positive for carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (cases), with the disk diffusion test and Etest, and controls with biological samples testing negative for carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae. In all, 65 patients were included: 13 (20%) cases and 52 (80%) controls. Results: the microorganisms isolated were Serratia marcescens (6), Klebsiella pneumoniae (4), and Enterobacter cloacae (3). Univariate analysis revealed that length of hospitalization prior to sample collection (p=0.002) and having a surgical procedure (p=0.006) were statistically significant. In the multivariable logistic regression model, both were still significant, with odds ratios of 0.93 (p = 0.009; 95% CI: 0.89 to 0.98) for length of hospitalization prior to sample collection, and 9.28 (p = 0.05; 95% CI: 1.01 to 85.14) for having a surgical procedure. Conclusion: shorter hospitalization times and increased surveillance of patients undergoing surgery could play a decisive role in reducing the spread of carbapenem-resistant microorganisms in hospital settings.

RESUMO Objetivo: identificar possíveis fatores de risco para a aquisição de cepas de Enterobactérias com marcador de resistência a carbapenem. Métodos: estudo caso-controle exploratório realizado em instituições hospitalares. A amostra do estudo consistiu de pacientes com espécimes biológicos positivos para Enterobactérias resistentes aos carbapenêmicos (casos) por teste de difusão em disco e Etest e controles com amostras biológicas negativas para Enterobactérias resistentes aos carbapenêmicos. No total, foram incluídos 65 pacientes: 13 (20%) casos e 52 (80%) controles. Resultados: os microrganismos isolados foram Serratia marcescens (6), Klebsiella pneumoniae (4) e Enterobacter cloacae (3). A análise univariada revelou que o tempo de internação antes da coleta da amostra (p=0,002) e o procedimento cirúrgico (p=0,006) foram estatisticamente significantes. No modelo de regressão logística multivariável, ambos foram ainda significativos, com odds ratios de 0,93 (p=0,009; IC 95%: 0,89 a 0,98) para o período de hospitalização antes da coleta da amostra e 9,28 (p=0,05; IC 95%: 1,01 a 85,14) para o procedimento cirúrgico. Conclusão: tempo de internação mais curto e maior vigilância de pacientes submetidos a cirurgia podem desempenhar um papel decisivo na redução da disseminação de microrganismos resistentes aos carbapenêmicos em instituições hospitalares.

RESUMEN Objetivo: identificar posibles factores de riesgo para la contracción de cepas de enterobacterias con marcador de resistencia a carbapenem. Métodos: estudio exploratorio de casos y controles realizado en entornos hospitalarios. La muestra del estudio consistió en pacientes con muestras biológicas que dieron positivo para enterobacterias resistentes a carbapenem (casos) con prueba de difusión en disco y Etest y controles con muestras biológicas negativas para enterobacterias resistentes a carbapenem. En total, se incluyeron 65 pacientes: 13 (20%) casos y 52 (80%) controles. Resultados: los microorganismos aislados fueron Serratia marcescens(6), Klebsiella pneumoniae(4) y Enterobacter cloacae(3). El análisis univariado reveló que la duración de la hospitalización antes de la recolección de la muestra (p = 0.002) y el Intervención quirúrgica (p = 0.006) fueron estadísticamente significativas. En el modelo de regresión logística multi variable, ambos fueron significativos, con razón de momios de 0.93 (p = 0.009; IC del 95%: 0.89 a 0.98) para la duración de la hospitalización antes de la recolección de la muestra y 9.28 (p = 0.05; IC del 95%: 1.01 a 85.14) por haberse sometido a un Intervención quirúrgica. Conclusión: tiempos de hospitalización más cortos y una mayor vigilancia de los pacientes sometidos a cirugía podrían desempeñar un papel decisivo en la reducción de la propagación de los microorganismos resistentes a los carbapenem en los hospitales.

Fatores de risco para infecções relacionadas à assistência à saúde causadas por enterobactérias produtoras de carbapenemase portadoras de gene blakKPC / Risk factors for health care-related infections caused by carbapenemase-producing enterobacteria carrying blakKPC gene

As enterobactérias produtoras de carbapenemase portadoras do gene blaKPC (EPC-KPC) se disseminam de forma rápida e, por limitarem as opções terapêuticas para os pacientes infectados, acabam se associando a uma alta taxa de mortalidade. No ambiente hospitalar, a identificação precoce de fatores de risco para Infecções relacionadas à Assistência à Saúde (IRAS) causadas por esses microrganismos específicos são importantes para o controle da disseminação entre pacientes, profissionais e/ou ambientes. No entanto, ainda não há um consenso na literatura sobre quais fatores de risco estão diretamente associados às IRAS causadas por EPC-KPC. Por este motivo, a pesquisa teve por objetivo avaliar os fatores de risco associados às infecções relacionadas à assistência à saúde causadas por EPC-KPC no ambiente hospitalar. Tratou-se de um estudo de caso-controle que constituiu uma amostra de 82 pacientes casos e 164 controles, totalizando 246 pacientes. Os pacientes do grupo controle foram sorteados aleatoriamente e pareados por sexo e idade proporcional. Os dados foram coletados pelo Sistema Automatizado de Controle de Infecção Hospitalar (SACIH) e prontuário eletrônico do paciente. Os resultados mostraram que os pacientes colonizados previamente por microrganismos gram-negativos (OR: 10,7, IC95%: 2-60, p=0,007), os com câncer (OR:20,8, IC95%:4-120, p...

Enterobacteria producing carbapenemase carrying the blaKPC gene (EPC-KPC) spread rapidly and, by limiting the therapeutic options for infected patients, end up associated with a high mortality rate. In the hospital environment, the early identification of risk factors for Healthcare associated Infections (HAI) caused by the blaKPC gene are important for the control of dissemination among patients, professionals and/or environment. However, there is still no consensus in the literature on which risk factors are directly associated with HAI caused by EPC-KPC. This study aimed to evaluate the risk factors associated with Healthcare associated Infections caused by EPC-KPC in the hospital environment. It was a case-control study that consisted of a sample of 82 infected patients and 164 controls, totaling 246 patients. Patients in the control group were randomly selected and matched by sex and proportional age. The data were collected by the Automated System of Control of Hospital Infection and electronic patient record. The results showed that patients previously colonized by gramnegative microorganisms (OR: 10.7, 95% CI: 2-60, p = 0.007), those with cancer (OR: 20.8, 95% CI: 4-120, p...

Abundant immunohistochemical expression of dopamine D2 receptor and p53 protein in meningiomas: follow-up, relation to gender, age, tumor grade, and recurrence

Meningiomas are common, usually benign tumors, with a high postoperative recurrence rate. However, the genesis and development of these tumors remain controversial. We aimed to investigate the presence and implications of a mutated p53 protein and dopamine D2 receptor in a representative series of meningiomas and to correlate these findings with age, gender, tumor grade, and recurrence. Tumor tissue samples of 157 patients diagnosed with meningioma (37 males and 120 females, mean age 53.6±14.3 years) who underwent surgical resection between 2003 and 2012 at our institution were immunohistochemically evaluated for the presence of p53 protein and dopamine D2 receptor and were followed-up to analyze tumor recurrence or regrowth. Tumors were classified as grades I (n=141, 89.8%), II (n=13, 8.3%), or grade III (n=3, 1.9%). Dopamine D2 receptor and p53 protein expression were positive in 93.6% and 49.7% of the cases, respectively. Neither of the markers showed significant expression differences among different tumor grades or recurrence or regrowth statuses. Our findings highlight the potential role of p53 protein in meningioma development and/or progression. The high positivity of dopamine D2 receptor observed in this study warrants further investigation of the therapeutic potential of dopamine agonists in the evolution of meningiomas.

Epidemiology of extended spectrum β-lactamase producing Enterobacter bacteremia in a brazilian hospital / Epidemiologia de bacteremia causadas por Enterobacter produtores de β-lactamases de espectro estendido em um hospital brasileiro

INTRODUCTION: Enterobacter can be included in the group of extended spectrum β-lactamases (EBSL)-producing bacteria, though few studies exist evaluating risk factors associated with this microorganism. A retrospective cohort study was conducted to determine risk factors associated with ESBL-producing-Enterobacter and mortality METHODS: A retrospective cohort study with 58 bacteremia caused by ESBL-producing-Enterobacter (28 cases) and non-ESBL (30 cases) RESULTS: Risk factors associated with ESBL-Enterobacter were trauma, length of hospitalization, admission to the intensive care unit, urinary catheter and elective surgery (p< 0.05). The survival curves were similar for ESBL and non-ESBL CONCLUSIONS: ESBL-producing-Enterobacter bacteremia is prevalent and the survival curve was similar to non-ESBL-producing strains.

INTRODUÇÃO: Enterobacter pode ser incluído no grupo de bactérias produtoras de β-lactamases de espectro estendido (ESBL), mas existem poucos estudos avaliando fatores de risco para ESBL. Nós realizamos uma coorte retrospective para determiner fatores de risco associados com Enterobacter produtores de ESBL MÉTODOS: Uma coorte retrospectiva com 58 bacteremias por Enterobacter ESBL (28 casos) e não-ESBL (30 casos) RESULTADOS: Fatores de risco para ESBL-Enterobacter foram trauma, tempo de internação, admissão em UTI, sonda vesical e cirurgia eletiva (p<0.05). A mortalidade foi similar entre ESBL e não-ESBL CONCLUSÕES: Enterobacter produtor de ESBL é prevalente e a curva de mortalidade foi semelhante com o grupo não-ESBL.

Indications of a new antibiotic in clinical practice: results of the tigecycline initial use registry

Tigecycline is the first of a new class of antibiotics named glycylcyclines and it was approved for the treatment of complicated intra-abdominal infections and complicated skin and skin structure infections. Notwithstanding this, tigecycline's pharmacological and microbiological profile which includes multidrug-resistant pathogens encourages physicians' use of the drug in other infections. We analyzed, during the first months after its launch, the tigecycline prescriptions for 113 patients in 12 institutions. Twenty-five patients (22 percent) received tigecycline for approved indications, and 88 (78 percent) for "off label" indications (56 percent with scientific support and 22 percent with limited or without any scientific support). The most frequent "off label" use was ventilator associated pneumonia (VAP) (63 patients). The etiology of infections was established in 105 patients (93 percent). MDR-Acinetobacter spp. was the microorganism most frequently isolated (50 percent of the cases). Overall, attending physicians reported clinical success in 86 of the 113 patients (76 percent). Our study shows that the "off label" use of tigecycline is frequent, especially in VAP. due to MDR-Acinetobacter spp., where the therapeutic options are limited (eg: colistin). Physicians must evaluate the benefits/risks of using this antibiotic for indications that lack rigorous scientific support.

Incidencia de infecciones nosocomiales en la unidad de cuidados intensivos pediátrico Hospital Militar Dr. Carlos Arvelo: 2004-2005 / Incidence of infectious nosocomial in the unit of cares intensive pediatric Hospital Militar Dr. Carlos Arvelo: 2004-2005

Las infecciones nosocomiales representan un problema de morbilidad y mortalidad en las Unidades de Cuidados Intensivos Pediátricos. Este trabajo se realiza para conocer la prevalencia de gérmenes patógenos en la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos Pediátricos del Hospital Militar "Dr. Carlos Arvelo". Se realiza un estudio retrospectivo entre enero de 2003 y enero de 2004 de 122 pacientes que ingresaron durante ese período, se tomaron cultivos de: sangre, secreción endotraqueal, orina, punta de catéteres, etc. Del total de pacientes, 57 presentaron cultivos positivos: hemocultivo 40,3 por ciento, secreción endotraqueal 29,8 por ciento, punta de catéter 15,7 por ciento, urocultivo 8,7 por ciento. Los gérmenes mayormente aislados fueron: bacilos gram negativos no fermentador en 26,3 por ciento, estafilococo coagulasa negativo 33,3 por ciento, Levaduras 15,7 por ciento, Pseudomona aeuruginosa 12,2 por ciento, cándida albicans 10,5 por ciento, enterobacterias 3,5 por ciento. Es importante resaltar que en nuestros casos hubo la presencia de bacterias productoras de batalactamasa como Escherichia coli en un 26 por ciento y Klebsiella pneumoniae en 7 por ciento. Al conocer la epidemiolog¡a de la Unidad obtenemos conocimientos acerca de sensibilidad, mecanismos de resistencia para definir el mejor control sobre estas infecciones y así lograr mejorar la morbilidad y mortalidad y disminuir la estadia de los pacientes.

Nosocomial blood stream infections in Imam Khomeini Hospital, Urmia, Islamic Republic of Iran, 1999-2001

In a 2-year retrospective study, the database of the microbiology laboratory of the Imam Khomeini Hospital was reviewed to identify patients who had nosocomial bacteraemia between 1 May 1999 and 31 May 2001 and identify the pathogen responsible and its resisitance to antibiotics. Of 6492 patients in various wards, 593 [9.1%] had positive blood cultures; 85 of those [14.3%] had signs of potential skin contamination. Gram-positive cocci, including coagulase-negative staphylococci, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae and other Gram-positive cocci, accounted for 42.3% of isolates. Gram-negative bacilli were responsible for another 42.3% of isolates; Pseudomonas aeruginosa was the predominant isolate. Patterns of drug resistance varied according to species of bacteria but were generally quite high

Asymptomatic bacteriuria and inflammatory response urinary tract infection of elderly ambulatory women in nursing homes

Background. Bacteriuria = 10 to fifth CFU/ml is evidence of urinary tract infection in the absence of associated signs or symptoms. The presence of pyuria with asymptomatic bacteriuria established the response of elderly women against microorganisms capable of causing invasiveness or tissue injury of the urinary tract. Methods. The association between bacteriuria and pyuria was determined in 178 elderly, ambulatory women without symptoms of urinary tract infection in seven nursing homes. Urine culture results were subsequently analyzed in conjunction with absolute leukocyte count in urine. In this cross-sectional study, asymptomatic bacteriuria in elderly women was classified with and without pyuria. Results. The prevalence of asymptomatic bacteriuria was found in 44 (24.7 percent) elderly women. The presence of pyuria had a sensitivity of 63.6 percent for bacteriuria and a specificity of 91 percent. The positive predictive value for the presence of pyuria predicting those with bacteriuria was 70 percent, and the negative predictive value for the absence of pyuria predicting those without bacteriuria was 88.4 percent. Escherichia coli was the most common organism isolated in 81.8 percent of the women. Conclusions. bacteriuria = 10 to fifth CFU/ml associated with pyuria was detected in 77 percent of elderly women with asymptomatic urinary tract infections bacteriuria of < 10 to fifth CFU/ml with pyuria proves less sensitive as an indicator of urinary tract infection. Elderly women with pyuria but without bacteriuria should be studied for other causes of urinary tractinflammation

Aspectos clínicos y microbiológicos en la prostatitis crónica / Clinical and microbiological aspects in the chronic prostatitis

Se evaluaron 163 pacientes con edades comprendidas entre 21 y 66 años con diagnóstico clínico y microbiológico de prostatitis crónica siguiendo los criterios de Meares-Stamey. En 98 pacientes (60,1//) se diagnosticó prostatitis crónica bacteriana (PCB) y en 65 pacientes (39,9//) prostatitis crónica abacteriana (PCA). Las principales manifestaciones clínicas fueron transtornos urinarios bajos irritativos (TUB) y de la esfera seminal sexual. El microorganismo más frecuentemente identificado fue E.coli en 15 pacientes (15,3//), Ureaplasma urealyticum en 12 pacientes (12,2//), Enterobacter sp en 10 (10,2//) y Proteus mirabilis en 9 pacientes (9,2//). Los microorganismos causantes del ETS se identificaron en 38 casos (38,8//) lo que resulta significativo. El 38,1// de las cepas de Enterobacterias aisladas fue resistente a la combinación sulfa-trimetropim que es el producto más usado en el tratamiento de la prostatitis. No hubo resistencia a la Enoxacina ni a Ciprofloxacina, productos que pueden ser alternativas en el tratamiento de esta afección

Isolamento de bactérias anaeróbias em processos infecciosos de osteomielites crônicas / The isolation of anaerobic bacteria cronic osteomyelitis

O estudo mostrou a presença de bactérias anaeróbicas nas culturas de espécimens de tecidos e/ou biópsia óssea, obtidos durante o debridamento cirúrgico. Uma grande populaçäo de microorganismos microaerófilos participaram destas infecçöes observadas em 30 pacientes com osteomielite crônica. Apenas em 2 pacientes isolamos cultura pura de bactérias anaeróbias (33,3 por cento) e nos outros 4 pacientes (66,6 por cento) tivemos culturas mistas de anaeróbios e facultativos. Em nossa pesquisa encontramos: Staphylococcus sp.-53 por cento, Pseudomonas sp.-15,5 por cento e Enterobacter sp.-12,4 por cento. Os anaeróbios foram: Bacteroides fragilis-9,3 por cento, Cocos anaeróbios-9,3 por cento. Entre os pacientes estudados, três deles apresentaram características clínicas que sugeriam a presença de bactérias anaeróbias, sendo confirmado no diagnóstico bacteriológico. Os pacientes foram: um com história de sinusite, amigdalite de repetiçäo (número 6); outro com diagnóstico de diabetes mellitus, insuficiência renal e carcinoma basocelular (número 14) e o outro tinha uma lesäo com tecido necrótico de coloraçäo negra com secreçäo de odor forte e evidência de presença de gás (número 21).

Frecuencia de Salmonella en las heces de 100 niños con diarrea crónica / Salmonella frequency in feces for 100 children with chronic diarrhea

Se estudiaron los cultivos de heces, la presencia de huevecillos y parásitos en 100 niños con diarrea crónica o prolongada. Se encontró Salmonella en el 20%, el doble de lo que se observa en niños con diarrea aguda secundaria a Salmonella. Tabién fue el doble, la asociación de Salmonella con otras enterobacterias. Asimismo se halló una elevada asociación (0.60) con Giardia lamblia. No hubo diferencias en edad o sexo

Enteropatógenos em Santos: inquérito bacteriológico na população diarréica com mais de cinco anos de idade / Enteropathogenic bacteria in Santos: a survey in 2 diarrheal population over 5 years old

É relatado o isolamento de enteropatógenos durante o inquérito bacteriológico em Santos, SP. Em 242 coproculturas de pacientes com diarreia aquosa, 42 resultaram positivas. Foram isolados 62,7% de Shigella sp., 27,9% de Salmonella sp. e 9,4% de Escherichia coli LT+. Este inquérito teve duração de duas semanas e foi realizado em virtude do isolamento de 2 cepas de Vibrio cholerae em água de esgoto (AU).